The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest-and-digest” functions of the body. It becomes more active during times of relaxation and safety.
It is part of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. More specifically, the parasympathetic system is a division of the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system controls the body’s involuntary functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion. The parasympathetic nervous system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the autonomic fight-or-flight response. Together, they maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment in the body.
Parasympathetic nervous function is vital to preventing high blood pressure, regulating heart rate, and supporting our ability to handle stress. You can promote your parasympathetic nervous system through yoga, exercise, and relaxation.
The parasympathetic nervous system also has immune functions. Its primary role in the immune system is negative feedback control of inflammatory factors. This prevents chronic inflammation, which can lead to many disorders.
Another crucial effect of parasympathetic stimulation is reducing blood pressure, even though blood vessels have no parasympathetic innervation. This is an excellent example of how the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions work in balance. Blood pressure increases when the sympathetic nervous system tells the blood vessels to constrict. Parasympathetic activation dampens sympathetic signaling, so the vessels stop constricting, and blood pressure decreases.
Most parasympathetic effects have reciprocal functions generated by the sympathetic nervous system. For example, parasympathetic stimulation increases digestion, while sympathetic stimulation decreases digestion.
Sensory receptors monitor whether autonomic output matches the body’s physiological needs and send this information to the central nervous system via afferent nerves. If needed, the brain adjusts the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation to the given organ.
For example, receptors in the heart sense how fast the heart is beating. If it is faster than what the body requires at that moment, the brain increases parasympathetic stimulation to the heart to lower the rate.
Autonomic motor nerves follow a special arrangement. Preganglionic nerves carry impulses from the central nervous system into the body. They transmit the impulses to ganglia, clusters of nerve cell bodies. Axons extending from the ganglia form postganglionic nerves and deliver the signal to the target tissues.
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from three sacral spinal nerves and four cranial nerves. The spinal nerves that give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are the pelvic splanchnic nerves. They start in the sacral spinal cord and extend into the pelvic cavity.
Cranial nerves come directly out of the brainstem and send efferent signals to the head and face. The cranial nerves that give rise to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is paramount as it represents 75% of parasympathetic fibers and is one of the most widespread nerves in the body.
The ganglia are clusters of neuron bodies that modulate and relay the nerve impulse. Parasympathetic ganglia are located close to the target tissues, so the postganglionic nerve fibers are shorter than the preganglionic. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are covered with thick myelin sheaths, which means the nerve impulses are well-insulated and can travel quickly.
Nerve impulses can be relayed from one neuron to the next via electrical or chemical signals. Efferent parasympathetic fibers release chemical signaling molecules, or neurotransmitters, from the pre and postganglionic axon terminals.
Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as both the preganglionic and postganglionic neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is used all over the body, including sympathetic preganglionic neurons and the somatic nervous system.
Parasympathetic dysfunction causes issues maintaining homeostasis in the body. This means the body cannot adapt to meet changing physiological demands, leading to many disorders. An underactive parasympathetic nervous system may lead to cardiovascular issues and diabetes. Damage to the vagus nerve is associated with many psychiatric and inflammatory conditions, including depression and inflammatory bowel disease.
Parasympathetic nervous function will naturally decline with age, but you can protect it in several ways. Examples include yoga, meditation, moderate-intensity exercise, a healthy diet, and probiotics. These strategies help increase parasympathetic activity and shift the autonomic nervous system away from flight-or-flight mode.
The parasympathetic nervous system is the “rest-and-digest” system. It is part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary physiological processes of the body. The parasympathetic system is most active in times of safety and relaxation and has functions including lowering heart rate and increasing digestion.
Preganglionic fibers are responsible for carrying autonomic nerve impulses out of the brain and spinal cord. Postganglionic fibers are responsible for delivering the impulse to the target tissues. Parasympathetic ganglia are clusters of neurons that relay the signal from preganglionic to postganglionic nerves.
Many injuries and illnesses can damage parasympathetic nerves. Parasympathetic dysfunction can also result from lifestyle factors, including chronic stress, lack of exercise, and alcohol.
Moderate-intensity exercise, yoga, and meditation are all great ways to increase parasympathetic activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6579/aa6782
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859128/
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